Grant Information

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT OF SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY CITRUS ARTHROPODS

Sponsoring Institution National Institute of Food and Agriculture

Status COMPLETE

Funding Source HATCH

Division NIFA Formula

Reporting Frequency Annual

Project Director Grafton-Cardwell, Elizabeth

Accession Number 1008841

Project Number CA-R-ENT-5351-H

Dates 2015-11-25 - 2020-09-30

Animal Health Component 65%

Performing Department Entomology, Riverside

Recipient Organization UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE

RIVERSIDE,CA 92521

Keywords citrus
insecticide resistance
integrated pest management

Research Effort Applied (65%)
Basic (10%)
Developmental (25%)

Classification Parameters

Knowledge Area	Subject of Investigation	Field of Science	Percent
211 - Insects, Mites, and Other Arthropods Affecting Plants	999 - Citrus, general/other	1130 - Entomology and acarology	100%

Non-technical Summary

More than 270,000 acres of citrus, including lemons, navel oranges, Valencia oranges, mandarin types and grapefruit are grown in California and 75% of this acreage is found in the San Joaquin Valley region. The goal of this program is to develop ecologically and economically sound methods of controlling insect and mite pests of San Joaquin Valley citrus using integrated pest management (IPM) methods. Currently, key pests in this region include California red scale, citrus thrips, citricola scale, citrus leafminer, Fuller rose beetle, earwigsand katydids. Depending on the current state of knowledge about these pests, the research program may include developing sampling protocols, utilizing pheromone traps for monitoring the pest or for mating disruption, determining fruit or yield damage thresholds, evaluating natural enemy releases, screening pests for pesticide resistance and testing new pesticides for efficacy against the pests and selectivity favoring their natural enemies. With an effective IPM program, citrus can be grown with a minimal number of insecticide treatments, thereby protecting humans and the environment, reducing pesticide resistance, and creating a sustainable crop system. In recent years, a number of exotic pests have invaded California citrus, including glassy-winged sharpshooter, Diaprepes root weevil, and Asian citrus psyllid. These invasions have a strong impact on the IPM program because exotic pests can be highly damaging, they generally arrive without adequate biological control and eradication or suppression efforts often require broad spectrum insecticide treatments. The research and education program must respond to these new invasions in order to maintain the citrus IPM program. The research results are communicated to California citrus growers, pest control advisors, nurserymen, packing houses, field workers, retailers, Master Gardeners and homeowners through newsletters, web sites, presentations, courses and brochures.

Goals / Objectives

To develop ecologically and economically sound methods for controlling citrus arthropod pests that reduce dependency on broad spectrum pesticides and maximize nonchemical methods of control.

Develop arthropod sampling methods, degree-day estimates and economic thresholds of damage where needed.
Evaluate timing, rates, and methods of application of pesticides to improve selectivity favoring natural enemies, prevent phytotoxicity to the tree, and effectively reduce pest populations.
Screen pests and natural enemies for resistance to pesticides.
Study natural enemies and demonstrate that they have an economic impact on their host or prey.
Develop pest management strategies for responding to invasive pests and diseases
Maintain a state-of-the art extension program, communicating citrus pest management information to the agricultural and urban communities.

Methods (unparsed)

1) Develop arthropod sampling methods, degree-day estimates and economic thresholds of damage where needed. Work with other researchers and PCAs to devise sampling schemes in commercial orchards that reveal economically damaging levels of pests. Population levels that do not cause long-term yield or fruit quality reductions would be considered below an economic threshold. Evaluate pheromone traps and degree-day units to predict pest population development. Provide the degree-day information on a web page (www.uckac.edu/citrusent/). 2) Evaluate timing, rates, and methods of application of pesticides to improve selectivity favoring natural enemies, prevent phytotoxicity to the tree, and effectively reduce pest populations. A combination of laboratory bioassays and field plot tests continue to reveal new insecticides that have potential for controlling key citrus pests while allowing natural enemies to survive. Pests, natural enemies, tree yield and fruit scarring is evaluated on individual trees at harvest. 3) Screen pests and natural enemies for resistance to pesticides. For arthropods with well-established responses to pesticides, we use discriminating concentrations that kill 90% of susceptible strains to monitor for populations in the San Joaquin Valley that are resistant to pesticides. For new pesticides or pests, subjects are tested with 6-10 pesticide concentrations to define their baseline response. Monitoring is done yearly both to detect and document the severity of resistance, but also to determine if changes in pesticide practices result in a reduction in resistance. 4) Study natural enemies and demonstrate that they have an economic impact on their host or prey. This is done by making weekly collections of the pests, rearing out the parasitoids, and identifying them. 5) Develop pest management strategies for responding to invasive pests and diseases. As pests and the diseases they vector approach California, develop informational brochures, teach courses, participate in workgroups and task forces, keep abreast of research occurring in the pest's region of origin, conduct collaborative research before the pest arrives, and prepare pest management strategies for the growers when pest arrives in California. 6) Maintain a state-of-the art extension program, communicating citrus pest management information to the agricultural and urban communities. Procedures include photographing and video taping insect life cycles, producing color brochures, interactive online training courses for citrus pests, using a mobile teaching lab in citrus orchards to train in pest identification and sampling, conducting in-depth workshops on citrus pests and maintaining a web site and blog sitewith current information on citrus pests.

Project Timeline Tracking

11/25/15 to 09/30/20
10/01/18 to 09/30/19
10/01/17 to 09/30/18
10/01/16 to 09/30/17
11/25/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs

Target Audience
Brochures, posters, cards, bookmarks, oral presentations, webinars and web pages of citrus pests were designed to educate governmental agencies, citrus industry representatives, growers, nurserymen, master gardeners, landscapers, educators and homeowners. Presentations, field days, and workshops on various aspects of citrus IPM were designed for citrus growers, field men, packinghouse personnel, nurserymen, pest control advisors and others within the citrus industry. Lectures on various aspects of citrus integrated pest management were given at professional society meetings, conferences, University classes, and to foreign visitors. Ag Academy classes were conducted to expose High School students from local rural areas to science in agriculture. Online courses and web sites on management of citrus pests were updated.

Changes / Problems
Nothing Reported

Training & Professional Development
During 2019-2020 Dr.Grafton-Cardwell presented 5 invited talks to the scientific community and gave 26 extension presentations, presented 6 webinars, maintained four web sites, a blog and a twitter account, developed and moderated 4 workshops, roundtables and field days and made12 contributions to grower magazines, newspapers, radio and videos on Asian citrus psyllid and citrus IPM topics for growers, pest control advisors, nurserymen, master gardeners, packinghouse personnel and homeowners.

Dissemination Streams
Brochures, posters, cards, bookmarks, oral presentations, webinars and web pages of citrus pests were designed to educate governmental agencies, citrus industry representatives, growers, nurserymen, master gardeners, landscapers, educators and homeowners. Presentations, field days, and workshops on various aspects of citrus IPM were designed for citrus growers, field men, packinghouse personnel, nurserymen, pest control advisors and others within the citrus industry. Lectures on various aspects of citrus integrated pest management were given at professional society meetings, conferences, University classes, and to foreign visitors. An Ag Academy class was conducted to expose High School students from local rural areas to science in agriculture. Online courses and web sites on management of citrus pests were updated.

Next Reporting Steps
Nothing Reported

Outputs

Target Audience
Brochures, posters, cards, bookmarks, oral presentations, webinars and web pages of citrus pests were designed to educate governmental agencies, citrus industry representatives, growers, nurserymen, master gardeners, landscapers, educators and homeowners. Presentations, field days, and workshops on various aspects of citrus IPM were designed for citrus growers, field men, packinghouse personnel, nurserymen, pest control advisors and others within the citrus industry. Lectures on various aspects of citrus integrated pest management were given at professional society meetings, conferences, University classes, and to foreign visitors. Ag Academy classes was conducted to expose High School students from local rural areas to science in agriculture. Online courses and web sites on management of citrus pests were updated.

Changes / Problems
As new pests arrive, export issues appear or weather influences insect populations in the San Joaquin Valley, citrus IPM tactics are studies and modified and educational programs are created to address these issues.

Training & Professional Development
During 2019 Grafton-Cardwell presented 5 invited talks to the scientific community and gave 21 extension presentations, maintained four web sites, a blog and a twitter account, developed and moderated 7 workshops, roundtables and field days and made16 contributions to grower magazines, newspapers, radio and videos on Asian citrus psyllid and citrus IPM topics for growers, pest control advisors, nurserymen, master gardeners, packinghouse personnel and homeowners.

Next Reporting Steps
1) Develop economic thresholds of damage for mandarins versus oranges. 2) Evaluate timing, rates, and methods of application of pesticides to improve selectivity favoring natural enemies, prevent phytotoxicity to the tree, and effectively reduce key citrus pest populations 3) Screen citrus thrips for resistance to pesticides. 4) Study natural enemies and demonstrate that they have an economic impact on their host or prey. 5) Develop pest management strategies for responding to invasive pests and diseases. 6) Develop post harvest control strategies for pests of export significance including cold temperature and fumigation 7) Maintain a state-of-the art extension program, communicating citrus pest management information to pest control advisors, growers and nurserymen.

Impacts (unparsed)

Outputs

Target Audience
TARGET AUDIENCES: Brochures, posters, cards, bookmarks, oral presentations and web pages of citrus pests were designed to educate governmental agencies, citrus industry representatives, growers, nurserymen, master gardeners, landscapers, educators and homeowners. Presentations, field days, and workshops on various aspects of citrus IPM were designed for citrus growers, field men, packinghouse personnel, nurserymen, pest control advisors and others within the citrus industry. Lectures on various aspects of citrus integrated pest management were given at professional society meetings, conferences, University classes, and to foreign visitors. An Ag Academy class was conducted to expose High School students from local rural areas to science in agriculture. Online courses and web sites on management of citrus pests were updated.

Changes / Problems
As new pests arrive, export issues appear or weather influences insect populations in the San Joaquin Valley, citrus IPM tactics and educational programs are modified to address these issues. During 2018, much focus was placed on developing preharvest and fumigation strategies for eliminating export pests such as bean thrips and flat mites, monitoring Asian citrus psyllid populations in southern California commercial citrus orchards and determining the impact of pesticide treatments on their populations, and addressing outbreaks of California red scale associated with drought and heat. We will continue to adapt to these situations with new research and extension programs.

Training & Professional Development
: During 2018 Grafton-Cardwell presented 4 invited talks to the scientific community and gave 29 extension presentations, maintained four web sites, a blog and a twitter account, developed and moderated 7 workshops, roundtables and field days and made 26 contributions to grower magazines, newspapers, radio and videos on Asian citrus psyllid and citrus IPM topics for growers, pest control advisors, nurserymen, master gardeners, packinghouse personnel and homeowners.

Dissemination Streams
During 2018 Grafton-Cardwell presented 4 invited talks to the scientific community and gave 29 extension presentations, maintained four web sites, a blog and a twitter account, developed and moderated 7 workshops, roundtables and field days and made 26 contributions to grower magazines, newspapers, radio and videos on Asian citrus psyllid and citrus IPM topics for growers, pest control advisors, nurserymen, master gardeners, packinghouse personnel and homeowners.?

Next Reporting Steps
Citrus IPM studies: California red scale. Pheromone trapping: Pheromone trapping is conducted at Lindcove REC and the information is updated weekly and posted on the www.citrusent/uckac.edu/ web page to assist growers with red scale management decisions. We are testing the ability of mesoporous lures to disrupt CRS and reduce infestations in field plots. Pesticide Screening: We continue to examine various timings, adjuvants and water volumes for the best use of experimental and newly registered insecticides. We utilize single-tree replicates per treatment in blocks at Lindcove REC for testing and evaluate twigs, fruit and harvested fruit to determine efficacy. When needed, we arrange large scale pesticide trials in commercial citrus orchards to study various aspects spray timing, adjuvants and water volume. Pheromone confusion: Large scale field trials with mesoporous dispensers will determine their impact on mating by California red scale and develop best uses of these products. Citricola scale. Pesticide screening: We utilize 8 single-tree replicates per treatment in blocks at Lindcove REC for testing and evaluate densities of citricola scale on leaves or twigs at monthly intervals in Sep, Oct, and April following treatment. Cotton aphid: Pesticide screening: Increased incidence of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) in the San Joaquin Valley, changes in aphid densities and the increased ability of cotton aphid to transmit CTV suggest that aphid control may become an important component of CTV management. We screen insecticides for cotton aphid control. Research on contaminants of citrus found on export citrus: Australia and New Zealand have identified three species of mites they are particularly concerned about, Brevipalpus species, Tarsonemus bakeri, and Lorryia formosa. We have collected Brevipalpus and Lorryia species and developed methods to rear them on fruit and leaves. We work with collaborators at UC Davis and USDA-ARS Parlier to develop post harvest methods of citrus fruit disinfestation. We plan to collect and develop rearing methods for Tarsonemus this coming season. We continue to screen fumigants, apply cold temperature and document that several of the mite species are nondamaging for citrus and should not be an export concern. We also will rear bean thrips on alfalfa at UC Kearney REC and test fumigants and cold treatments in packinghouse situations. Asian citrus psyllid In 2018, the scouting of 240 commercial citrus orchards in five regions of the state defined and refined grower management tactics for the Asian citrus psyllid. The nymph stage on flush is the focus of border and central orchard sampling. Web Site development/maintenance: We provide degree day updates for California red scale and citrus peelminer on the UCKAC Entomology web site. This allows growers to make timely management decisions. Extension Outreach: Presentations at meetings: We present our findings at Citrus Research Board Grower Seminars, CAPCA, PAPA, AAIE, Master Gardeners and other meetings as needed. I conduct a series of meetings with task forces and pest control districts managing Asian citrus psyllid around the state. Field days are conducted as pest situations arise. During this coming year we plan to have a citrus thrips meeting. Online courses: We have produced 7 citrus pest modules (citrus red mite, citrus peelminer, citricola scale, California red scale, katydid, cottony cushion scale, Fuller rose beetle) and 2 Asian citrus psyllid modules with UC ANR Online Learning. During the coming year we plan courses on additional pests (citrus thrips). Publications: Scientific articles, arthropod management tests, and Citrograph articles will be produced as research is completed and when issues arise of high importance to the industry.

Impacts (unparsed)

What was accomplished under these goals? Sampling strategies for the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) were simplified and refined for use by pest control advisors in California conditions: tap, sweep, flush and trap. Trials to determine the effectiveness of insecticides registered for controlling citricola scale (Coccus pseudomagnolarium), cotton aphid, (Aphis gossypii), citrus thrips (Scirtothrips citri), California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii), Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) and Fuller rose beetle (Naupactus godmani) were completed. Evaluations of a slow release formulation of pheromone to disrupt mating in California red scale were continued and demonstrated high level of efficacy when applied to large acreage early in the season. A bioassay to assess the level of resistance to Delegate (spinetoram) was tested on citrus thrips field populations and 4 of 7 populations showed significant resistance. Studies of the impact of new insecticide chemistries on beneficial insects continued with testing of Euseius tularensis predatory mites. Brevipalpus flat mites and Lorryia mites, bean thrips, and California red scale, species of concern to citrus export countries, were reared as colonies and provided to University of California Davis and USDA-ARS lab in Parlier for testing with methyl bromide replacement fumigants: phosphine, ethyl formate and propylene oxide. The Kearney Citrus entomology web site http://ucanr/sites/KACCitrusEntomology was updated to keep citrus growers informed about pesticides, training materials, degree day units and biological information about key citrus pests. A UCANR blog called citrus bugs was continued. A web site was updated to assist homeowners and growers with management strategies for curtailing the spread of Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) http://ucanr.edu/sites/ACP . Information about the many tactics that are under development to manage HLB, including a powerpoint and a web site called "Science for Citrus Health" http://ucanr.edu/sites/scienceforcitrushealth were updated. A UC ANR AG Experts Talk website https://ucanr.edu/sites/ucexpertstalk/ was established and a citrus thrips webinar presented. IMPACT: Current key pests of San Joaquin Valley citrus include California red scale, citrus thrips, citricola scale, cottony cushion scale, citrus red mite, katydids, citrus leafminer, Fuller rose beetle, citrus peelminer and earwigs. Asian citrus psyllid continued to spread and increase in numbers in southern California and was found on a number of traps in the San Joaquin Valley in 2012-18. The huanglongbing disease associated with Asian citrus psyllid was found in southern California in 2012 and significantly spread in 2017-18, greatly elevating the need for psyllid control tactics. Numerous face-to-face and teleconference meetings with the pest control advisors, growers, nurserymen, extension personnel and regulators were conducted around the state to develop pesticide management strategies tailored to specific regions. These meetings were followed up by training sessions to assist area treatment coordinators and a web site to assist growers. Meetings, a web site, and online courses helped to train the general public how to deal with ACP and HLB. Evaluations of a slow-release mesoporous pheromone demonstrated that the pheromone dispensers were successful in reducing California red scale populations on leaves, twigs and fruit by more than 90%. Treatments of phosphine, propylene oxide and ethyl formate fumigation were successful in causing probit 9 mortality of California red scale, bean thrips, Lorryia mites and Brevipalpus flat mites. If these treatments can be registered for citrus they will replace Methyl Bromide for export citrus. Field trials documented efficacy of several experimental compounds that have excellent potential for controlling citricola scale, California red scale and citrus thrips. Studies of the effects of insecticides and acaricides on citrus pests and natural enemies helped growers retain or obtain California registration of these products, helped growers to use pesticides efficiently, integrate pesticides into the citrus IPM program, and manage resistance to older products. These activities produced a long-term sustainable pest management program. The citrus entomology web site, blog, and twitter helped the pest control advisors make timely sampling and pest management decisions. Meetings, presentations, literature, courses and web sites helped the citrus growers develop regional strategies for dealing with common pests and the Asian citrus psyllid and Huanglongbing. Publications

Outputs

Changes / Problems
As new pests enter the San Joaquin Valley, citrus IPM tactics and educational programs are developed. During 2017, much focus was placed on developing preharvest and fumigation strategies for eliminating export pests such as bean thrips and flat mites and monitoring Asian citrus psyllid populations in southern California commercial citrus orchards and determining the impact of pesticide treatments on their populations.

Training & Professional Development
Training or professional development provided: During 2017 Grafton-Cardwell presented 1 talk to the scientific community and gave 16 extension presentations, maintained three web sites, a blog and a twitter account, developed and moderated 5 workshops and roundtables, and made 12 contributions to grower magazines, newspapers, radio and videos on Asian citrus psyllid and other citrus IPM topics for growers, pest control advisors, nurserymen, master gardeners, packinghouse personnel and homeowners. ?

Dissemination Streams
Brochures, posters, cards, bookmarks, oral presentations and web pages of citrus pests were designed to educate governmental agencies, citrus industry representatives, growers, nurserymen, master gardeners, landscapers, educators and homeowners. Presentations, field days, and workshops on various aspects of citrus IPM were designed for citrus growers, field men, packinghouse personnel, nurserymen, pest control advisors and others within the citrus industry. Lectures on various aspects of citrus integrated pest management were given at professional society meetings, conferences, University classes, and to foreign visitors. An Ag Academy class was developed to expose High School students from local rural areas to science in agriculture. Online courses and web sites on management of citrus pests were updated.

Next Reporting Steps
Work plan for Integrated Pest Management of Citrus California red scale. Pheromone trapping: Pheromone trapping is conducted at Lindcove REC and the information is updated weekly and posted on the www.citrusent/uckac.edu/ web page to assist growers with red scale management decisions. We are testing the ability of mesoporous lures to disrupt CRS and reduce infestations in field plots. Pesticide Screening: We continue to examine various timings, adjuvants and water volumes for the best use of experimental and newly registered insecticides. We utilize single-tree replicates per treatment in blocks at Lindcove REC for testing and evaluate twigs, fruit and harvested fruit to determine efficacy. When needed, we arrange large scale pesticide trials in commercial citrus orchards to study various aspects spray timing, adjuvants and water volume. Biological Control: When a CRS-effective insecticide nears registration, we test the toxicity of the insecticide to Aphytis melinus. We do this using 6 replicates of the jar test of adult Aphytis, testing field applied residues on a weekly basis until the mortality to Aphytis nears the control levels. We also allow Aphytis to parasitize red scales, dip the fruit in the insecticides and determine the ability of the parasite to emerge and survive 24 hours after treatment. Pheromone confusion: Large scale field trials with mesoporous dispensers and aerial emitters will determine their impact on mating by California red scale and develop best uses of these products. Citricola scale. Pesticide screening: We utilize 8 single-tree replicates per treatment in blocks at Lindcove REC for testing and evaluate densities of citricola scale on leaves or twigs at monthly intervals in Sep, Oct, and April following treatment. Citrus leafminer: Pesticide screening: Citrus field trees at LREC are pruned in the late summer to stimulate a uniform flush and then are sprayed with insecticides in the fall. Natural populations of citrus leafminer attack the trees. The leaves are checked weekly for live citrus leafminer stages and from these studies we can determine the effectiveness of the insecticides and the residual length of control. Cotton aphid: Pesticide screening: Increased incidence of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) in the San Joaquin Valley, changes in aphid densities and the increased ability of cotton aphid to transmit CTV suggest that aphid control may become an important component of CTV management. We screen insecticides for cotton aphid control. Research on contaminants of citrus found on export citrus: Australia and New Zealand have identified three species of mites they are particularly concerned about, Brevipalpus species, Tarsonemus bakeri, and Lorryia formosa. We have collected Brevipalpus and Lorryia species and developed methods to rear them on fruit and leaves. We work with collaborators at UC Davis and USDA-ARS Parlier to develop post harvest methods of citrus fruit disinfestation. We plan to collect and develop rearing methods for Tarsonemus this coming season. We also will rear bean thrips on alfalfa at UC Kearney REC and test fumigants and cold treatments in packinghouse situations. Asian citrus psyllid In 2017, the scouting of 180+ commercial citrus orchards around the state will continue in an effort to define and refine management tactics for the Asian citrus psyllid. The nymph stage on flush is the focus of border and central orchard sampling. Web Site development/maintenance: We provide degree day updates for California red scale and citrus peelminer on the UCKAC Entomology web site. This allows growers to make timely management decisions. Extension Outreach: Presentations at meetings: We present our findings at Citrus Research Board Grower Seminars, CAPCA, PAPA, AAIE, Master Gardeners and other meetings as needed. I conduct a series of meetings with task forces and pest control districts managing Asian citrus psyllid around the state. Field days are conducted as pest situations arise. During this coming year we plan to have a citrus thrips meeting. Online courses: We have produced 6 citrus pest modules (citrus red mite, citrus peelminer, citricola scale, California red scale, katydid, cottony cushion scale) and 2 Asian citrus psyllid modules with UC ANR Online Learning. During the coming year we plan courses on additional pests (citrus thrips and Fuller rose beetle). Publications: Scientific articles, arthropod management tests, and Citrograph articles will be produced as research is completed and when issues arise of high importance to the industry.

Impacts (unparsed)

What was accomplished under these goals? 1. Sampling strategies for the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) were simplified and refined for use by pest control advisors in California conditions: tap, sweep, flush and trap. 2. Trials to determine the effectiveness of insecticides registered for controlling citricola scale (Coccus pseudomagnolarium), cotton aphid, (Aphis gossypii), citrus thrips (Scirtothrips citri), California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii), Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) and citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella) were completed. 3. Evaluations of a slow release formulation of pheromone to disrupt mating in California red scale were continued. 4. A bioassay to assess the field level of resistance to Delegate (spinetoram) was developed for citrus thrips. 5. Studies of the impact of new insecticide chemistries on beneficial insects continued using Aphytis melinus wasps and Euseius tularensis predatory mites. 6. Brevipalpus flat mites and Lorryia mites, of concern to citrus export countries, were reared as colonies and provided to University of California Davis and USDA-ARS lab in Parlier for testing with methyl bromide replacement fumigants. 7. The Kearney Citrus entomology web site http://ucanr/sites/KACCitrusEntomology was updated to keep citrus growers informed about pesticides, training materials, degree day units and biological information about key citrus pests. A UCANR blog called citrus bugs was continued. 8. An extensive educational program was conducted to teach citrus growers, nurserymen, landscapers, master gardeners and the general public about how to manage the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) and the bacterium it vectors that causes Huanglongbing disease of citrus and how to integrate its management with the citrus IPM program. A web site was updated to assist homeowners and growers with management strategies for curtailing the spread of Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) http://ucanr.edu/sites/ACP . Information about the many tactics that are under development to manage HLB, including a powerpoint and a web site called "Science for Citrus Health" http://ucanr.edu/sites/scienceforcitrushealth were updated. Publications

Outputs

Target Audience
Brochures, posters, cards, bookmarks, oral presentations and web pages of citrus pests were designed to educate governmental agencies, citrus industry representatives, growers, nurserymen, master gardeners, landscapers, educators, media and homeowners. Presentations, field days, and workshops on various aspects of citrus IPM were designed for citrus growers, field men, packinghouse personnel, nurserymen, pest control advisors and others within the citrus industry. Lectures on various aspects of citrus integrated pest management were given at professional society meetings, conferences, University classes, and to foreign visitors.

Changes / Problems
Nothing Reported

Training & Professional Development
Nothing Reported

Dissemination Streams
During 2015-16, Grafton-Cardwell presented 3 talks to the scientific community and gave >30 extension presentation, maintained three web sites, a blog and a twitter account, developed and conducted 3 workshops on citrus pests, and made >25 contributions to grower magazines, newspapers, radio and videos on various citrus entomology topics for growers, pest control advisors, nurserymen, master gardeners, packinghouse personnel and homeowners. Turning technologies quizzing units were used in 2 of the presentations to record audience knowledge and learning following training on citrus pests. Two Ag Academy High School student groups were given a one-day training in scientific method, collecting data and analyzing the results.

Next Reporting Steps
Nothing Reported

Impacts (unparsed)

What was accomplished under these goals? This project provided research and extension to support the integrated pest management of citrus, improving sampling techniques, providing information about efficacy and selectivity of pesticides, and developed programs for newly arriving pests and pests of export significance. With an effective IPM program, citrus can be grown with a minimal number of insecticide treatments thereby protecting humans and the environment, reducing pesticide resistance and creating a sustainable crop system. The citrus growers, packinghouses, and nurserymen benefited from understanding how to more effectively manage their pests. Objective 1 Monitoring the first flight of citrus peelminer moths (Marmara gulosa) and California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii) combined with degree-days provided treatment timings for citrus growers with susceptible citrus varieties and improved efficacy of pesticides. Objective 2 Studies of the effects of insecticides and acaricides on citrus pests and their natural enemies helped growers retain or obtain California registration of these products, helped growers to use pesticides efficiently, integrate pesticides into the citrus IPM program, and manage resistance to older products. Trials to determine the effectiveness of insecticides registered for controlling citricola scale (Coccus pseudomagnolarium), cotton aphid, (Aphis gossypii), California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii), citrus leafminer, citrus red mite (Panonychus citri), citrus thrips (Scirtothrips citri), Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) and Fuller rose beetle (Naupactus godmanni) were completed. Studies of spirotetramat continue to demonstrate its efficacy against California red scale and high level of selectivity favoring natural enemies, making it an excellent IPM tool. A slow release formulation of pheromone to disrupt mating in California red scale were found to reduce low to moderate infestations of California red scale by 50% and registration of this product for citrus was obtained in 2016, reducing pesticides needed for California red scale control. Detection of Fuller rose beetle eggs on navel oranges can cause rejection of exported fruit. Studies of the impact of pesticides on Fuller rose beetle adults were conducted the lab and the field in order to develop an in-orchard management plan. Recommendations were made to the citrus industry to skirt prune trees in combination with ground, trunk and/or foliar pesticide treatments to prevent the flightless adults from reaching the canopy. Brevipalpus flat mites, Tetranychid spider mites and California red scale, of concern to citrus export countries, were reared as colonies and provided to University of California Davis and USDA ARS lab in Parlier to demonstrate the efficacy of methyl bromide replacement fumigants (phosphine, propylene oxide, and ethyl formate). Objective 3 Studies were initiated to develop a bioassay method for monitoring citrus thrips resistance to commonly used pesticides (spinetoram, spinosad, and abamectin). Objective 4 Studies of the impact of new insecticide chemistries on beneficial insects continued using Aphytis melinus wasps and Euseius tularensis predatory mites. These studies help the growers utilize insecticides in a way (through timing, rate or choice of chemical) that minimizes the impact on natural enemies. Objective 5 The Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) arrived in California in 2008 and the deadly bacterial disease that it transmits, huanglongbing, was discovered in 2012. Laboratory bioassays and field pesticide trials were initiated to provide growers and their pest control advisors with eradicative and areawide ACP management plans. Objective 6 extension program The Kearney Citrus entomology web site was updated to keep citrus growers informed about pesticides, training materials, degree day units and biological information about key citrus pests. The citrus entomology web site and 'citrus bugs' blog helped the pest control advisors make timely sampling and pest management decisions. Meetings, presentations, literature and web sites (including the UC IPM guidelines for citrus) helped the citrus growers develop regional strategies for dealing with common pests. An extensive educational program was conducted to teach citrus growers, nurserymen, landscapers, master gardeners and the general public about how to manage the Asian citrus psyllid and the bacterium it vectors that causes Huanglongbing disease of citrus and how to integrate its management with the citrus IPM program. A web site was updated to assist homeowners and growers with management strategies for curtailing the spread of Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri). http://ucanr.edu/sites/acp. Outreach was conducted to teach growers about the 'nupsyllid', a genetically engineered psyllid that would replace the wild psyllids and stop disease spread. A web site, http://ucanr.edu/sites/ScienceforCitrusHealth was developed to educate growers and the general public about technologies being developed to combat huanglongbing. Publications

Publications Inventory

Journal Articles

Bayles, B. R., S. M. Thomas, G. S. Simmons, E. E. Grafton-Cardwell, and M. P. Daugherty. 2017. Spatiotemporal dynamics of the Southern California Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) invasion. Plos One 12 (3): 30173226. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173226 [Published 2017]
Byrne, F. J., E. E. Grafton-Cardwell, J. G. Morse, A. E. Olguin, A. R. Zeilinger, C. Wilen, J. Bethke, M. P. Daugherty. 2018. Assessing the risk of containerized citrus contributing to Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) spread in California: residence times and insecticide residues at retail nursery outlets. Crop Protect. 109: 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2018.02.024 [Published 2018]
Byrne, F. J., M. P. Daugherty, E. E. Grafton-Cardwell, J. A. Bethke, and J. G. Morse. 2016. Evaluation of neonicotinoid insecticides for the management of the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri on containerized citrus. Pest Manag. Sci. DOI 10.1002/ps.4451. [Published 2016]
Cass, B. N., E. E. Grafton-Cardwell, and J. A. Rosenheim. 2019. Resistance of fruits from a mandarin cultivar to feeding by fork-tailed bush katydids. J. Econ. Entomol. 112:2861-2871. [Published 2019]
Cass, B. N., E. E. Grafton-Cardwell, and J. A. Rosenheim. 2019. Resistance of fruits from a mandarin cultivar to feeding by fork-tailed bush katydids. J. Econ. Entomol. 112:2861-2871. [Published 2019]
Cass, B. N., L. M. Hack, E. E. Grafton-Cardwell and J. A. Rosenheim. 2019. Impacts of fruit-feeding arthropod pests on oranges and mandarins in California. J. Econ. Entomol. 112: 2268-2277. Doi:10.1093/jee/toz133 . [Published 2019]
Cass, B. N., L. M. Hack, E. E. Grafton-Cardwell and J. A. Rosenheim. 2019. Impacts of fruit-feeding arthropod pests on oranges and mandarins in California. J. Econ. Entomol. 112: 2268-2277. Doi:10.1093/jee/toz133 . [Published 2019]
Cass, B. N., L. M. Hack, T. G. Mueller, D. Buckman, E. E. Grafton-Cardwell, and J. A. Rosenheim. 2020. Arthropod infestation levels on mandarins in California. J. Econ. Entomol. Doi: 10.1093/jee/toaa141. [Published 2020]
Gautam, S. G., Y. Ouyang, P. Gu and E. E. Grafton-Cardwell. 2018. Food suitability and population dynamics of Lorryia formosa (Acari: Tydeidae). Environ. Entomol. 47(2): https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvy043. [Published 2018]
He, F., D. R. Jeske, and E. Grafton-Cardwell. 2019. Identifying high-density regions of pests within an orchard. Appl. Stochastic Models Bus. Ind. 2019:1-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/asmb.2496. [Published 2019]
He, F., D. R. Jeske, and E. Grafton-Cardwell. 2019. Identifying high-density regions of pests within an orchard. Appl. Stochastic Models Bus. Ind. 2019:1-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/asmb.2496. [Published 2019]
Lara J., C. Pickett, C. Ingels, D. R. Haviland, E. Grafton-Cardwell, D. Doll, J. Bethke, B. Faber, S. K. Dara and M. Hoddle. 2016. Biological control program is being developed for brown marmorated stink bug. California Agriculture vol 70 (1): 15-23. DOI#10.3773/ca.v070n01p15. [Published 2016]
Livingston, G., L. Hack, K. P. Steinmann, E. E. Grafton-Cardwell and J. A. Rosenheim. 2018. An ecoinformatics approach to field-scale evaluation of insecticide effects in California citrus: are citrus thrips and citrus red mite induced pests?" Journal of Economic Entomology 111(3): 1290-1297. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy067 [Published 2018]
Mueller, T. G., H. Kahl, B. N. Cass, E. E. Grafton-Cardwell and J. A. Rosenheim. 2019. Differential impacts of citrus thrips across sweet orange and mandarin species. J. Econ. Entomology 112: 2767-2773. DOI:10.1093/jee/toz178. [Published 2019]
Mueller, T. G., H. Kahl, B. N. Cass, E. E. Grafton-Cardwell and J. A. Rosenheim. 2019. Differential impacts of citrus thrips across sweet orange and mandarin species. J. Econ. Entomology 112: 2767-2773. DOI:10.1093/jee/toz178. [Published 2019]
Pasamontes, A., W. H. K. Chueng, J. Simmons, A. A. Aksenov, D. J. Peirano, E. E. Grafton-Cardwell, T. Kapaun, A. M. Dandekar, O. Fiehn and C. Davis. 2016. Citrus tristeza virus infection in sweet orange trees and a mandarin x tangor cross alters low molecular weight metabolites assessed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Metabolomics 12:41 doi:10.1007/s11306-016-0959-z [Published 2016]
Setamou, M., A. Olufemi, E. E. Grafton-Cardwell and N. Tofangsazi. 2018. COPF: citrus orchard perimeter fencing as a strategy for reducing Asian citrus psyllid infestation (Hemiptera: Liviidae). J. Appl. Entomology 142: 959-966. https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.12535 [Published 2018]
Tofangsazi, N., Morales-Rodriguez, A., Daugherty, M. P., Simmons, G. and B. E. Grafton-Cardwell. 2018. Residual Toxicity of Selected Organic Insecticides to Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and Non-target Effects on Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)in California. Crop Protection 108: 62-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2018.02.006 [Published 2018]
Vargas, R. I., S. K. Souder, J. G. Morse, E. E. Grafton-Cardwell, D. R. Haviland, J. N. Kabashima, B. A. Faber, B. Mackey, E. Nkomo, P. J. Cook, and J. D. Stark. 2017. Chemical degradation of TMR Multi-Lure dispensers for fruit fly detection weathered under California climatic conditions. J. Econ. Entomol. 110 (4): 1495-1500 doi:10.1093/jee/tox159. [Published 2017]
Vargas, R. I., S. K. Souder, J. G. Morse, E. E. Grafton-Cardwell, D. R. Haviland, J. N. Kabashima, B. A. Faber, B. Mackey, and P. Cook. 2016. Captures of wild Ceratitis capitata, Bactrocera dorsalis, and Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae) in traps with improved multi-lure TMR-dispensers weathered in California. J. Econ Entomol. 109(2): 607-612. [Published 2016]

Other

163. Grafton-Cardwell, E. E., W. Bentley, M. Bianchi, F. E. Cave, R. Elkins, L. Godfrey, P. Gu, D. Haviland, D. Headrick, M. Hoddle, J. McMurtry, M. Murrietta, N. Mills, Y. Ouyang, C. Pickel, S. Rill, M. C. Stavrinides and L. G. Varela. 2020. Surveys of 12 California crops for phytoseiid predatory mites show changes compared to earlier studies. Calif. Agric. https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.2020a0010. [Published 2020]
Bethke, J. A., M. Whitehead, J. Morse, F. Byrne, E. Grafton-Cardwell, K. Godfrey, M. Hoddle and L. Corkidi. 2017. Screening selected pesticides against ACP nymphs. Citrograph 8(1): 50-54. [Published 2017]
Bryne, F., M. Daugherty, E. Grafton-Cardwell, J. Bethke and J. Morse. 2016. Developing a plan to protect citrus nursery stock from ACP. Citrograph 7 (3): 86-90. [Published 2016]
Byrne, F. E. Grafton-Cardwell, and J. Morse. 2017. Honey bee exposure to systemic pesticides in citrus nectar. Citrograph 8(1): 44-47. [Published 2017]
Douhan, G. W., B. Grafton-Cardwell, B. Faber, S. Rios, C. E. Kallsen. 2018. California combats the Asian citrus psyllid and huanglongbing disease. Progressive Crop Consultant. Jan/Feb 2018: 14, 16-18. [Published 2018]
Douhan, G. W., E. Fichtner, E. Grafton-Cardwell and R. Christiano. 2018. CRB and UC ANR Bolster Research Facilities at Lindcove. Citrograph 9 (1):28-29. [Published 2018]
Gautam, S., E. Grafton-Cardwell and S. Walse. 2018. Disinfesting ACP from bulk citrus. Citrograph 9(3): 60-64. [Published 2018]
Grafton-Cardwell, B. 2017. Why has California red scale been so difficult to control? Topics in Subtropics 14(5):1-2. [Published 2017]
Grafton-Cardwell, B., M. Irey, D. Bartels, C. Slupsky and N. McRoberts. 2016. Immediate action is needed: Summary of the HLB Summit Morning Session. Citrograph 7(2): 24-26. [Published 2016]
Grafton-Cardwell, E. E., S. Scott and J. Reger. 2017. Managing citrus thrips is especially difficult during drought years. Progressive Crop Consultant March/April 6, 8-9. [Published 2017]
Jetter, K. and E. Grafton-Cardwell. 2016. What did the 2011-14 Ventura ACP eradication program cost? Citrograph 7(4): 30-33. [Other 2016]
Lara, J.R., C. Pickett, B. Grafton-Cardwell, P. Gordon, J. Reger, S. Figueroa, M. Romo, J. Oliva, M. S. Hoddle 2018. Stinky in high numbers: Whats new with brown marmorated stink bug in California? CAPCA Advisor. Feb 2018: 44-48. [Published 2018]
Morse, J. G. and E. E. Grafton-Cardwell. 2017. Do broad spectrum pesticides induce citrus thrips damage? Citrograph 8(3) 40-44. [Published 2017]
Morse., J. G., P. A. Phillips, D. L. Flaherty, N. V. OConnell, P. B. Goodell, A. A. Urena and E. E. Grafton-Cardwell. 2017. Timing of adult Fuller rose beetle soil emergence. Citrograph 8(3): 46-50. [Published 2017]
Poudel, M., M. Daugherty and B. Grafton-Cardwell. 2016. Comparison of tap and sweep net monitoring methods for ACP. Citrograph 7(4): 56-59. [Published 2016]
Tofangsazi, N. B. Grafton-Cardwell and E. Ferro. 2017. Fall 2016 Pauma Grower control of ACP. Citrograph 8(4): 70-76. [Published 2017]
Tofangsazi, N. and B. Grafton-Cardwell. 2018. Residual toxicity of various insecticides against ACP nymphs. Citrograph 9(3): 46-51. [Published 2018]
Tofangsazi, N., B. Grafton-Cardwell and E. Ferro. 2017. ACP control in southern California: whole orchard studies of the efficacy of grower-applied spring insecticides. Citrograph 8(3): 58-61. [Published 2017]
Tofangsazi, N., B. Grafton-Cardwell, B. Rogers and E. Ferro. 2016. Fall insecticide treatments for ACP in southern California. Citrograph 7(4): 50-54. [Published 2016]
Vargas, R. I., S. K. Souder, J. G. Morse, E. E. Grafton-Cardwell, D. R. Haviland, J. N. Kabashima and B. A. Faber. 2016. Improving California trap programs for detection of fruit flies. Citrograph 7 (3): 60-63. [Published 2016]

Book Chapters

3. Grafton-Cardwell, E. E. 2020. Management of Asian citrus psyllid in California. In: Asian citrus psyllid, biology, ecology and management of the huanglongbing vector. Ed. J.A. Qureshi and P. A. Stansly. CAB International. Boston MA. Pp 250-257. [Published 2020]

Websites

Science for Citrus Health. Peggy Lemaux, Beth Grafton-Cardwell, Barbara Alonso http://ucanr.edu/site/ScienceforCitrusHealth/ [Published 2016]
https://ucanr.edu/sites/ucexpertstalk/ [Published 2018]